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Mathematics
Sannon's entropy
Shannon's entropy, \(H(X) = -\sum_{x \in \mathbf{X}} p(x) \log p(x)\), measures how informative the mass function \(p\) is about the occurrence of the possible values of variable \(X\).
Physics
A particle's rest energy in special relativity
In Einstein's special relativity, the rest energy of a mass \(m\) is \(E = mc^2\), where \(c\) is the speed of light in a vacuum.
Mathematics
The binomial theorem
The binomial theorem, making use of the well-known binomial coefficients, allows expressing \((x+y)^n\) as a sum: \((x+y)^n=\sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} x^k y^{n-k}\).