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Factorials apply only to nonnegative integers but can be extended to complex numbers with positive real parts using the Gamma function, \(\Gamma(n) = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}x^{n-1}dx\).

The Schrödinger equation, \(i \hbar \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t} = \hat H \Psi\), is a partial differential equation for the wave function \(\Psi\) of quantum mechanics.

Complicated convolution operations become simple multiplications via the Laplace transform \(F(s) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(x)e^{-s x}dx\) for function \(f\).