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Integrating the Gaussian function from minus to plus infinity yields \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx=\sqrt{\pi}\), which is known as the Gaussian integral.

Another common definition of the exponential function to the natural basis, \(e^x\), comes from writing it as the series \(e^x = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^k}{k!}\).

Newton's mutual attraction force for masses \(m_1\), \(m_2\) is \(F=G\frac{m_1 m_2}{d^2}\), where \(d\) is the distance between them and \(G\) is the gravitational constant.