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A definition of the exponential function that has found application in numerous approximation schemes is \(e^x = \lim_{y\to\infty} \left(1+\frac{x}{y}\right)^y\).

Prime numbers are key to Euler's product formula, \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k^s}=\prod_{p \;\; \mathrm{prime}}\frac{1}{1-p^{-s}}\), which establishes equality between an infinite sum and product for fixed \(s>1\).

The Schrödinger equation, \(i \hbar \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t} = \hat H \Psi\), is a partial differential equation for the wave function \(\Psi\) of quantum mechanics.