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In Einstein's general relativity, the field equation \(\mathcal{G} = - \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} \mathcal{T}\) relates spacetime curvature (\(\mathcal{G}\)) to its mass-energy content (\(\mathcal{T}\)).

The normal density, \(p(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}}e^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\), has become important in many applications because of its close relationship to the central limit theorem.

Factorials apply only to nonnegative integers but can be extended to complex numbers with positive real parts using the Gamma function, \(\Gamma(n) = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}x^{n-1}dx\).