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The normal density, \(p(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}}e^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\), has become important in many applications because of its close relationship to the central limit theorem.

In Einstein's special relativity, the rest energy of a mass \(m\) is \(E = mc^2\), where \(c\) is the speed of light in a vacuum.

Newton's mutual attraction force for masses \(m_1\), \(m_2\) is \(F=G\frac{m_1 m_2}{d^2}\), where \(d\) is the distance between them and \(G\) is the gravitational constant.