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In Einstein's general relativity, the field equation \(\mathcal{G} = - \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} \mathcal{T}\) relates spacetime curvature (\(\mathcal{G}\)) to its mass-energy content (\(\mathcal{T}\)).

Factorials apply only to nonnegative integers but can be extended to complex numbers with positive real parts using the Gamma function, \(\Gamma(n) = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}x^{n-1}dx\).

Shannon's entropy, \(H(X) = -\sum_{x \in \mathbf{X}} p(x) \log p(x)\), measures how informative the mass function \(p\) is about the occurrence of the possible values of variable \(X\).